UNIT–II: METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGY 
• Observation
• Experimental Method
• Survey Method
• Case Study Method
• Psychological Testing and its characteristics: Reliability & Validity (9 Marks)
==============================================================

✅ ONE WORD / VERY SHORT ANSWERS (1 Mark Each)

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

Q1. What is Observation?
Answer: Systematic watching and recording of behaviour.

Q2. Who is called the Father of Experimental Psychology?
Answer: Wilhelm Wundt.

Q3. What is Survey method based on?
Answer: Questionnaire.

Q4. What method studies an individual in detail?
Answer: Case Study.

Q5. What is Reliability?
Answer: Consistency.

Q6. What is Validity?
Answer: Accuracy.

Q7. In experimental method, what is manipulated?
Answer: Independent variable.

Q8. What is measured in experiment?
Answer: Dependent variable.

Q9. Name one type of observation.
Answer: Naturalistic observation.

Q10. What is psychological test?
Answer: Standardized test.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

✅ MORE QUESTIONS / VERY SHORT (1 Mark)

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

1. Scientific study of behaviour using watching method – Observation

2. Method that establishes cause and effect – Experimental method

3. Method using questionnaire – Survey

4. Detailed study of one person – Case Study

5. Consistency of test – Reliability

6. Accuracy of test – Validity

7. Variable that is manipulated – Independent variable

8. Variable that is measured – Dependent variable

9. Group not exposed to treatment – Control group

10. Standardized tool to measure behaviour – Psychological test

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

✅ 2–3 MARK QUESTIONS

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

Q1. Define Observation method and name its types.
Answer:
Observation is a method in which behaviour is systematically watched and recorded.
Types:

1. Naturalistic observation

2. Controlled observation

Q2. What is Experimental method?
Answer:
Experimental method is a scientific method where the researcher manipulates the independent variable to study its effect on the dependent variable under controlled conditions. It helps establish cause and effect relationship.

Q3. What is Survey method?
Answer:
Survey method collects information from a large number of people through questionnaires or interviews. It is useful for studying attitudes, opinions, and social behaviour.

Q4. What is Case Study method?
Answer:
Case study method is an in-depth study of a single individual, group, or event. It provides detailed information but results cannot be generalized.

Q5. What is Psychological Testing?
Answer:
Psychological testing involves standardized tools used to measure intelligence, aptitude, personality, and other psychological traits.

Q6. Differentiate between Reliability and Validity.

Reliability means consistency of results.
Validity means accuracy of measurement.
A test may be reliable but not valid.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

✅ 5-MARK LONG ANSWERS (DETAILED & COMPLETE)

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

Q1. Explain Observation method in detail.

Answer:
Observation method involves systematic watching and recording of behaviour as it occurs. It is one of the oldest methods used in psychology. The observer carefully notes behaviour without interfering.

Types of Observation:

1. Naturalistic Observation – Behaviour is observed in real-life situations without control.

2. Controlled Observation – Behaviour is observed under laboratory conditions.

Advantages:
• Studies real behaviour
• Simple and economical

Limitations:
• Observer bias
• Cannot establish cause-effect relationship

Observation is useful in studying children, animals, and social interactions.

Q2. Explain Experimental method in detail.

Answer:
Experimental method is the most scientific method in psychology. It aims to establish cause and effect relationship between variables.

Important Concepts:
• Independent Variable – The variable manipulated by researcher
• Dependent Variable – The variable measured
• Control Group – Not exposed to treatment
• Experimental Group – Exposed to treatment

Steps in Experiment:

1. Formulating hypothesis

2. Selecting variables

3. Controlling extraneous variables

4. Conducting experiment

5. Drawing conclusion

Advantages:
• Scientific and objective
• Establishes cause-effect

Limitations:
• Artificial environment
• Ethical issues

Q3. Explain Survey method in detail.

Answer:
Survey method collects information from large groups through questionnaires or interviews. It is widely used in social psychology and educational research.

Tools used:
• Questionnaire
• Interview

Advantages:
• Covers large population
• Economical and quick

Limitations:
• Biased responses
• Superficial information

It is useful for studying opinions, attitudes, and beliefs.

Q4. Explain Case Study method in detail.

Answer:
Case study method involves detailed and intensive study of a single individual, family, institution, or event. It collects information from various sources such as interviews, observation, medical reports, and psychological tests.

Advantages:
• Provides deep and detailed information
• Useful in studying rare cases

Limitations:
• Cannot generalize findings
• Time-consuming

It is commonly used in clinical psychology.

Q5. Explain Psychological Testing and its characteristics.

Answer:
Psychological testing refers to the use of standardized tools to measure psychological traits such as intelligence, aptitude, personality, and interests.

Characteristics of a Good Test:

1. Reliability
   Reliability means consistency of results. If the test is repeated under similar conditions, it should give similar results.

Types of Reliability:
• Test-retest reliability
• Split-half reliability

2. Validity
   Validity means accuracy. A test must measure what it claims to measure.

Types of Validity:
• Content validity
• Construct validity
• Criterion validity

A good psychological test must be both reliable and valid.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

📝 FULL MODEL TEST PAPER (9 Marks)

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

CLASS XI – PSYCHOLOGY
UNIT II – METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGY
Time: 45 Minutes
Maximum Marks: 9

Section A (1 × 3 = 3 Marks)

1. Define Reliability.

2. What is Independent variable?

3. What is Survey method?

Section B (3 × 1 = 3 Marks)

4. Explain Observation method with its types.
   OR
   Explain Case Study method.

Section C (3 × 1 = 3 Marks)

5. Explain Psychological Testing and its characteristics.
   OR
   Explain Experimental method with variables.